ARK-OS/arkos/kernel/glibc/manual/tunables.texi

@node Tunables
@c @node Tunables, , Internal Probes, Top
@c %MENU% Tunable switches to alter libc internal behavior
@chapter Tunables
@cindex tunables

@dfn{Tunables} are a feature in @theglibc{} that allows application authors and
distribution maintainers to alter the runtime library behavior to match
their workload. These are implemented as a set of switches that may be
modified in different ways. The current default method to do this is via
the @env{GLIBC_TUNABLES} environment variable by setting it to a string
of colon-separated @var{name}=@var{value} pairs.  For example, the following
example enables @code{malloc} checking and sets the @code{malloc}
trim threshold to 128
bytes:

@example
GLIBC_TUNABLES=glibc.malloc.trim_threshold=128:glibc.malloc.check=3
export GLIBC_TUNABLES
@end example

Tunables are not part of the @glibcadj{} stable ABI, and they are
subject to change or removal across releases.  Additionally, the method to
modify tunable values may change between releases and across distributions.
It is possible to implement multiple `frontends' for the tunables allowing
distributions to choose their preferred method at build time.

Finally, the set of tunables available may vary between distributions as
the tunables feature allows distributions to add their own tunables under
their own namespace.

Passing @option{--list-tunables} to the dynamic loader to print all
tunables with minimum and maximum values:

@example
$ /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 --list-tunables
glibc.rtld.nns: 0x4 (min: 0x1, max: 0x10)
glibc.malloc.trim_threshold: 0x0 (min: 0x0, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.malloc.perturb: 0 (min: 0, max: 255)
glibc.cpu.x86_shared_cache_size: 0x100000 (min: 0x0, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.pthread.rseq: 1 (min: 0, max: 1)
glibc.cpu.prefer_map_32bit_exec: 0 (min: 0, max: 1)
glibc.mem.tagging: 0 (min: 0, max: 255)
glibc.malloc.hugetlb: 0x0 (min: 0x0, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.cpu.x86_rep_movsb_threshold: 0x2000 (min: 0x100, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.malloc.mxfast: 0x0 (min: 0x0, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.rtld.dynamic_sort: 2 (min: 1, max: 2)
glibc.malloc.top_pad: 0x20000 (min: 0x0, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.cpu.x86_rep_stosb_threshold: 0x800 (min: 0x1, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.cpu.x86_non_temporal_threshold: 0xc0000 (min: 0x4040, max: 0xfffffffffffffff)
glibc.cpu.x86_memset_non_temporal_threshold: 0xc0000 (min: 0x4040, max: 0xfffffffffffffff)
glibc.cpu.x86_shstk:
glibc.pthread.stack_cache_size: 0x2800000 (min: 0x0, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.malloc.mmap_max: 0 (min: 0, max: 2147483647)
glibc.cpu.plt_rewrite: 0 (min: 0, max: 2)
glibc.malloc.tcache_unsorted_limit: 0x0 (min: 0x0, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.cpu.x86_ibt:
glibc.cpu.hwcaps:
glibc.malloc.arena_max: 0x0 (min: 0x1, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.malloc.mmap_threshold: 0x0 (min: 0x0, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.cpu.x86_data_cache_size: 0x8000 (min: 0x0, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.malloc.tcache_count: 0x0 (min: 0x0, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.malloc.arena_test: 0x0 (min: 0x1, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.pthread.mutex_spin_count: 100 (min: 0, max: 32767)
glibc.rtld.optional_static_tls: 0x200 (min: 0x0, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.malloc.tcache_max: 0x0 (min: 0x0, max: 0xffffffffffffffff)
glibc.malloc.check: 0 (min: 0, max: 3)
@end example

@menu
* Tunable names::  The structure of a tunable name
* Memory Allocation Tunables::  Tunables in the memory allocation subsystem
* Dynamic Linking Tunables:: Tunables in the dynamic linking subsystem
* POSIX Thread Tunables:: Tunables in the POSIX thread subsystem
* Hardware Capability Tunables::  Tunables that modify the hardware
				  capabilities seen by @theglibc{}
* Memory Related Tunables::  Tunables that control the use of memory by
			     @theglibc{}.
* gmon Tunables::  Tunables that control the gmon profiler, used in
                   conjunction with gprof

@end menu

@node Tunable names
@section Tunable names
@cindex Tunable names
@cindex Tunable namespaces

A tunable name is split into three components, a top namespace, a tunable
namespace and the tunable name. The top namespace for tunables implemented in
@theglibc{} is @code{glibc}. Distributions that choose to add custom tunables
in their maintained versions of @theglibc{} may choose to do so under their own
top namespace.

The tunable namespace is a logical grouping of tunables in a single
module. This currently holds no special significance, although that may
change in the future.

The tunable name is the actual name of the tunable. It is possible that
different tunable namespaces may have tunables within them that have the
same name, likewise for top namespaces. Hence, we only support
identification of tunables by their full name, i.e. with the top
namespace, tunable namespace and tunable name, separated by periods.

@node Memory Allocation Tunables
@section Memory Allocation Tunables
@cindex memory allocation tunables
@cindex malloc tunables
@cindex tunables, malloc

@deftp {Tunable namespace} glibc.malloc
Memory allocation behavior can be modified by setting any of the
following tunables in the @code{malloc} namespace:
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.malloc.check
This tunable supersedes the @env{MALLOC_CHECK_} environment variable and is
identical in features. This tunable has no effect by default and needs the
debug library @file{libc_malloc_debug} to be preloaded using the
@code{LD_PRELOAD} environment variable.

Setting this tunable to a non-zero value less than 4 enables a special (less
efficient) memory allocator for the @code{malloc} family of functions that is
designed to be tolerant against simple errors such as double calls of
free with the same argument, or overruns of a single byte (off-by-one
bugs). Not all such errors can be protected against, however, and memory
leaks can result.  Any detected heap corruption results in immediate
termination of the process.

Like @env{MALLOC_CHECK_}, @code{glibc.malloc.check} has a problem in that it
diverges from normal program behavior by writing to @code{stderr}, which could
by exploited in SUID and SGID binaries.  Therefore, @code{glibc.malloc.check}
is disabled by default for SUID and SGID binaries.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.malloc.top_pad
This tunable supersedes the @env{MALLOC_TOP_PAD_} environment variable and is
identical in features.

This tunable determines the amount of extra memory in bytes to obtain from the
system when any of the arenas need to be extended.  It also specifies the
number of bytes to retain when shrinking any of the arenas.  This provides the
necessary hysteresis in heap size such that excessive amounts of system calls
can be avoided.

The default value of this tunable is @samp{131072} (128 KB).
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.malloc.perturb
This tunable supersedes the @env{MALLOC_PERTURB_} environment variable and is
identical in features.

If set to a non-zero value, memory blocks are initialized with values depending
on some low order bits of this tunable when they are allocated (except when
allocated by @code{calloc}) and freed.  This can be used to debug the use of
uninitialized or freed heap memory. Note that this option does not guarantee
that the freed block will have any specific values. It only guarantees that the
content the block had before it was freed will be overwritten.

The default value of this tunable is @samp{0}.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.malloc.mmap_threshold
This tunable supersedes the @env{MALLOC_MMAP_THRESHOLD_} environment variable
and is identical in features.

When this tunable is set, all chunks larger than this value in bytes are
allocated outside the normal heap, using the @code{mmap} system call. This way
it is guaranteed that the memory for these chunks can be returned to the system
on @code{free}. Note that requests smaller than this threshold might still be
allocated via @code{mmap}.

If this tunable is not set, the default value is set to @samp{131072} bytes and
the threshold is adjusted dynamically to suit the allocation patterns of the
program.  If the tunable is set, the dynamic adjustment is disabled and the
value is set as static.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.malloc.trim_threshold
This tunable supersedes the @env{MALLOC_TRIM_THRESHOLD_} environment variable
and is identical in features.

The value of this tunable is the minimum size (in bytes) of the top-most,
releasable chunk in an arena that will trigger a system call in order to return
memory to the system from that arena.

If this tunable is not set, the default value is set as 128 KB and the
threshold is adjusted dynamically to suit the allocation patterns of the
program.  If the tunable is set, the dynamic adjustment is disabled and the
value is set as static.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.malloc.mmap_max
This tunable supersedes the @env{MALLOC_MMAP_MAX_} environment variable and is
identical in features.

The value of this tunable is maximum number of chunks to allocate with
@code{mmap}.  Setting this to zero disables all use of @code{mmap}.

The default value of this tunable is @samp{65536}.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.malloc.arena_test
This tunable supersedes the @env{MALLOC_ARENA_TEST} environment variable and is
identical in features.

The @code{glibc.malloc.arena_test} tunable specifies the number of arenas that
can be created before the test on the limit to the number of arenas is
conducted.  The value is ignored if @code{glibc.malloc.arena_max} is set.

The default value of this tunable is 2 for 32-bit systems and 8 for 64-bit
systems.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.malloc.arena_max
This tunable supersedes the @env{MALLOC_ARENA_MAX} environment variable and is
identical in features.

This tunable sets the number of arenas to use in a process regardless of the
number of cores in the system.

The default value of this tunable is @code{0}, meaning that the limit on the
number of arenas is determined by the number of CPU cores online.  For 32-bit
systems the limit is twice the number of cores online and on 64-bit systems, it
is 8 times the number of cores online.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.malloc.tcache_max
The maximum size of a request (in bytes) which may be met via the
per-thread cache.  The default (and maximum) value is 1032 bytes on
64-bit systems and 516 bytes on 32-bit systems.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.malloc.tcache_count
The maximum number of chunks of each size to cache. The default is 7.
The upper limit is 65535.  If set to zero, the per-thread cache is effectively
disabled.

The approximate maximum overhead of the per-thread cache is thus equal
to the number of bins times the chunk count in each bin times the size
of each chunk.  With defaults, the approximate maximum overhead of the
per-thread cache is approximately 236 KB on 64-bit systems and 118 KB
on 32-bit systems.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.malloc.tcache_unsorted_limit
When the user requests memory and the request cannot be met via the
per-thread cache, the arenas are used to meet the request.  At this
time, additional chunks will be moved from existing arena lists to
pre-fill the corresponding cache.  While copies from the fastbins,
smallbins, and regular bins are bounded and predictable due to the bin
sizes, copies from the unsorted bin are not bounded, and incur
additional time penalties as they need to be sorted as they're
scanned.  To make scanning the unsorted list more predictable and
bounded, the user may set this tunable to limit the number of chunks
that are scanned from the unsorted list while searching for chunks to
pre-fill the per-thread cache with.  The default, or when set to zero,
is no limit.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.malloc.mxfast
One of the optimizations @code{malloc} uses is to maintain a series of ``fast
bins'' that hold chunks up to a specific size.  The default and
maximum size which may be held this way is 80 bytes on 32-bit systems
or 160 bytes on 64-bit systems.  Applications which value size over
speed may choose to reduce the size of requests which are serviced
from fast bins with this tunable.  Note that the value specified
includes @code{malloc}'s internal overhead, which is normally the size of one
pointer, so add 4 on 32-bit systems or 8 on 64-bit systems to the size
passed to @code{malloc} for the largest bin size to enable.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.malloc.hugetlb
This tunable controls the usage of Huge Pages on @code{malloc} calls.  The
default value is @code{0}, which disables any additional support on
@code{malloc}.

Setting its value to @code{1} enables the use of @code{madvise} with
@code{MADV_HUGEPAGE} after memory allocation with @code{mmap}.  It is enabled
only if the system supports Transparent Huge Page (currently only on Linux).

Setting its value to @code{2} enables the use of Huge Page directly with
@code{mmap} with the use of @code{MAP_HUGETLB} flag.  The huge page size
to use will be the default one provided by the system.  A value larger than
@code{2} specifies huge page size, which will be matched against the system
supported ones.  If provided value is invalid, @code{MAP_HUGETLB} will not
be used.
@end deftp

@node Dynamic Linking Tunables
@section Dynamic Linking Tunables
@cindex dynamic linking tunables
@cindex rtld tunables

@deftp {Tunable namespace} glibc.rtld
Dynamic linker behavior can be modified by setting the
following tunables in the @code{rtld} namespace:
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.rtld.nns
Sets the number of supported dynamic link namespaces (see @code{dlmopen}).
Currently this limit can be set between 1 and 16 inclusive, the default is 4.
Each link namespace consumes some memory in all thread, and thus raising the
limit will increase the amount of memory each thread uses. Raising the limit
is useful when your application uses more than 4 dynamic link namespaces as
created by @code{dlmopen} with an lmid argument of @code{LM_ID_NEWLM}.
Dynamic linker audit modules are loaded in their own dynamic link namespaces,
but they are not accounted for in @code{glibc.rtld.nns}.  They implicitly
increase the per-thread memory usage as necessary, so this tunable does
not need to be changed to allow many audit modules e.g. via @env{LD_AUDIT}.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.rtld.optional_static_tls
Sets the amount of surplus static TLS in bytes to allocate at program
startup.  Every thread created allocates this amount of specified surplus
static TLS. This is a minimum value and additional space may be allocated
for internal purposes including alignment.  Optional static TLS is used for
optimizing dynamic TLS access for platforms that support such optimizations
e.g. TLS descriptors or optimized TLS access for POWER (@code{DT_PPC64_OPT}
and @code{DT_PPC_OPT}).  In order to make the best use of such optimizations
the value should be as many bytes as would be required to hold all TLS
variables in all dynamic loaded shared libraries.  The value cannot be known
by the dynamic loader because it doesn't know the expected set of shared
libraries which will be loaded.  The existing static TLS space cannot be
changed once allocated at process startup.  The default allocation of
optional static TLS is 512 bytes and is allocated in every thread.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.rtld.dynamic_sort
Sets the algorithm to use for DSO sorting, valid values are @samp{1} and
@samp{2}.  For value of @samp{1}, an older O(n^3) algorithm is used, which is
long time tested, but may have performance issues when dependencies between
shared objects contain cycles due to circular dependencies.  When set to the
value of @samp{2}, a different algorithm is used, which implements a
topological sort through depth-first search, and does not exhibit the
performance issues of @samp{1}.

The default value of this tunable is @samp{2}.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.rtld.enable_secure
Used to run a program as if it were a setuid process.  The only valid value
is @samp{1} as this tunable can only be used to set and not unset
@code{enable_secure}.  Setting this tunable to @samp{1} also disables all other
tunables.  This tunable is intended to facilitate more extensive verification
tests for @code{AT_SECURE} programs and not meant to be a security feature.

The default value of this tunable is @samp{0}.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.rtld.execstack
@Theglibc{} will use either the default architecture ABI flags (that might
contain the executable bit) or the value of @code{PT_GNU_STACK} (if present)
to define whether to mark the stack non-executable and if the program or
any shared library dependency requires an executable stack the loader will
change the main stack permission if kernel starts with a non-executable stack.

The @code{glibc.rtld.execstack} can be used to control whether an executable
stack is allowed from the main program.  Setting the value to @code{0} disables
the ABI auto-negotiation (meaning no executable stacks even if the ABI or ELF
header requires it), @code{1} enables auto-negotiation (although the program
might not need an executable stack), while @code{2} forces an executable
stack at process start.  This is provided for compatibility reasons, when
the program dynamically loads modules with @code{dlopen} which require
an executable stack.

When executable stacks are not allowed, and if the main program requires it,
the loader will fail with an error message.

Some systems do not have separate page protection flags at the hardware
level for read access and execute access (sometimes called read-implies-exec).
This mode can also be enabled on certain systems where the hardware supports
separate protection flags.  The @theglibc{} tunable configuration is independent
of hardware capabilities and kernel configuration.

@strong{NB:} Trying to load a dynamic shared library with @code{dlopen} or
@code{dlmopen} that requires an executable stack will always fail if the
main program does not require an executable stack at loading time.  This
can be worked around by setting the tunable to @code{2}, where the stack is
always executable.
@end deftp

@node POSIX Thread Tunables
@section POSIX Thread Tunables
@cindex pthread mutex tunables
@cindex thread mutex tunables
@cindex mutex tunables
@cindex tunables thread mutex

@deftp {Tunable namespace} glibc.pthread
The behavior of POSIX threads can be tuned to gain performance improvements
according to specific hardware capabilities and workload characteristics by
setting the following tunables in the @code{pthread} namespace:
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.pthread.mutex_spin_count
The @code{glibc.pthread.mutex_spin_count} tunable sets the maximum number of times
a thread should spin on the lock before calling into the kernel to block.
Adaptive spin is used for mutexes initialized with the
@code{PTHREAD_MUTEX_ADAPTIVE_NP} GNU extension.  It affects both
@code{pthread_mutex_lock} and @code{pthread_mutex_timedlock}.

The thread spins until either the maximum spin count is reached or the lock
is acquired.

The default value of this tunable is @samp{100}.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.pthread.stack_cache_size
This tunable configures the maximum size of the stack cache.  Once the
stack cache exceeds this size, unused thread stacks are returned to
the kernel, to bring the cache size below this limit.

The value is measured in bytes.  The default is @samp{41943040}
(forty mibibytes).
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.pthread.rseq
The @code{glibc.pthread.rseq} tunable can be set to @samp{0}, to disable
restartable sequences support in @theglibc{}.  This enables applications
to perform direct restartable sequence registration with the kernel.
The default is @samp{1}, which means that @theglibc{} performs
registration on behalf of the application.

Restartable sequences are a Linux-specific extension.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.pthread.stack_hugetlb
This tunable controls whether to use Huge Pages in the stacks created by
@code{pthread_create}.  This tunable only affects the stacks created by
@theglibc{}, it has no effect on stack assigned with
@code{pthread_attr_setstack}.

The default is @samp{1} where the system default value is used.  Setting
its value to @code{0} enables the use of @code{madvise} with
@code{MADV_NOHUGEPAGE} after stack creation with @code{mmap}.

This is a memory utilization optimization, since internal glibc setup of either
the thread descriptor and the guard page might force the kernel to move the
thread stack originally backup by Huge Pages to default pages.
@end deftp

@node Hardware Capability Tunables
@section Hardware Capability Tunables
@cindex hardware capability tunables
@cindex hwcap tunables
@cindex tunables, hwcap
@cindex hwcaps tunables
@cindex tunables, hwcaps
@cindex data_cache_size tunables
@cindex tunables, data_cache_size
@cindex shared_cache_size tunables
@cindex tunables, shared_cache_size
@cindex non_temporal_threshold tunables
@cindex memset_non_temporal_threshold tunables
@cindex tunables, non_temporal_threshold, memset_non_temporal_threshold

@deftp {Tunable namespace} glibc.cpu
Behavior of @theglibc{} can be tuned to assume specific hardware capabilities
by setting the following tunables in the @code{cpu} namespace:
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.cpu.hwcaps
The @code{glibc.cpu.hwcaps=-xxx,yyy,-zzz...} tunable allows the user to
enable CPU/ARCH feature @code{yyy}, disable CPU/ARCH feature @code{xxx}
and @code{zzz} where the feature name is case-sensitive and has to match
the ones in @code{sysdeps/x86/include/cpu-features.h}.

On s390x, the supported HWCAP and STFLE features can be found in
@code{sysdeps/s390/cpu-features.c}.  In addition the user can also set
a CPU arch-level like @code{z13} instead of single HWCAP and STFLE features.

On powerpc, the supported HWCAP and HWCAP2 features can be found in
@code{sysdeps/powerpc/dl-procinfo.c}.

On loongarch, the supported HWCAP features can be found in
@code{sysdeps/loongarch/cpu-tunables.c}.

This tunable is specific to i386, x86-64, s390x, powerpc and loongarch.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.cpu.cached_memopt
The @code{glibc.cpu.cached_memopt=[0|1]} tunable allows the user to
enable optimizations recommended for cacheable memory.  If set to
@code{1}, @theglibc{} assumes that the process memory image consists
of cacheable (non-device) memory only.  The default, @code{0},
indicates that the process may use device memory.

This tunable is specific to powerpc, powerpc64 and powerpc64le.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.cpu.name
The @code{glibc.cpu.name=xxx} tunable allows the user to tell @theglibc{} to
assume that the CPU is @code{xxx} where xxx may have one of these values:
@code{generic}, @code{thunderxt88}, @code{thunderx2t99},
@code{thunderx2t99p1}, @code{ares}, @code{emag}, @code{kunpeng},
@code{a64fx}.

This tunable is specific to aarch64.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.cpu.x86_data_cache_size
The @code{glibc.cpu.x86_data_cache_size} tunable allows the user to set
data cache size in bytes for use in memory and string routines.

This tunable is specific to i386 and x86-64.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.cpu.x86_shared_cache_size
The @code{glibc.cpu.x86_shared_cache_size} tunable allows the user to
set shared cache size in bytes for use in memory and string routines.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.cpu.x86_non_temporal_threshold
The @code{glibc.cpu.x86_non_temporal_threshold} tunable allows the user
to set threshold in bytes for non temporal store. Non temporal stores
give a hint to the hardware to move data directly to memory without
displacing other data from the cache. This tunable is used by some
platforms to determine when to use non temporal stores in operations
like memmove and memcpy.

This tunable is specific to i386 and x86-64.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.cpu.x86_memset_non_temporal_threshold
The @code{glibc.cpu.x86_memset_non_temporal_threshold} tunable allows
the user to set threshold in bytes for non temporal store in
memset. Non temporal stores give a hint to the hardware to move data
directly to memory without displacing other data from the cache. This
tunable is used by some platforms to determine when to use non
temporal stores memset.

This tunable is specific to i386 and x86-64.
@end deftp


@deftp Tunable glibc.cpu.x86_rep_movsb_threshold
The @code{glibc.cpu.x86_rep_movsb_threshold} tunable allows the user to
set threshold in bytes to start using "rep movsb".  The value must be
greater than zero, and currently defaults to 2048 bytes.

This tunable is specific to i386 and x86-64.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.cpu.x86_rep_stosb_threshold
The @code{glibc.cpu.x86_rep_stosb_threshold} tunable allows the user to
set threshold in bytes to start using "rep stosb".  The value must be
greater than zero, and currently defaults to 2048 bytes.

This tunable is specific to i386 and x86-64.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.cpu.x86_ibt
The @code{glibc.cpu.x86_ibt} tunable allows the user to control how
indirect branch tracking (IBT) should be enabled.  Accepted values are
@code{on}, @code{off}, and @code{permissive}.  @code{on} always turns
on IBT regardless of whether IBT is enabled in the executable and its
dependent shared libraries.  @code{off} always turns off IBT regardless
of whether IBT is enabled in the executable and its dependent shared
libraries.  @code{permissive} is the same as the default which disables
IBT on non-CET executables and shared libraries.

This tunable is specific to i386 and x86-64.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.cpu.x86_shstk
The @code{glibc.cpu.x86_shstk} tunable allows the user to control how
the shadow stack (SHSTK) should be enabled.  Accepted values are
@code{on}, @code{off}, and @code{permissive}.  @code{on} always turns on
SHSTK regardless of whether SHSTK is enabled in the executable and its
dependent shared libraries.  @code{off} always turns off SHSTK regardless
of whether SHSTK is enabled in the executable and its dependent shared
libraries.  @code{permissive} changes how dlopen works on non-CET shared
libraries.  By default, when SHSTK is enabled, dlopening a non-CET shared
library returns an error.  With @code{permissive}, it turns off SHSTK
instead.

This tunable is specific to i386 and x86-64.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.cpu.prefer_map_32bit_exec
When this tunable is set to @code{1}, shared libraries of non-setuid
programs will be loaded below 2GB with MAP_32BIT.

Note that the @env{LD_PREFER_MAP_32BIT_EXEC} environment is an alias of
this tunable.

This tunable is specific to 64-bit x86-64.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.cpu.plt_rewrite
When this tunable is set to @code{1}, the dynamic linker will rewrite
the PLT section with 32-bit direct jump.  When it is set to @code{2},
the dynamic linker will rewrite the PLT section with 32-bit direct
jump and on APX processors with 64-bit absolute jump.

This tunable is specific to x86-64 and effective only when the lazy
binding is disabled.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.cpu.aarch64_bti
This tunable controls Branch Target Identification (BTI) handling for the
process. This handling is implemented via protecting the memory mapping
with @code{PROT_BTI} for modules that are marked with the appropriate ELF
property @code{GNU_PROPERTY_AARCH64_FEATURE_1_BTI} (see Program Loading in
@url{https://github.com/ARM-software/abi-aa/blob/main/sysvabi64/sysvabi64.rst}).

Accepted values are:

0 = permissive: BTI protection is enabled only for modules that have BTI
marking (default).

1 = enforced: if a module that does not have BTI marking is loaded, it is
an error (either a process abort or a @code{dlopen} error if this binary
is loaded via @code{dlopen}).
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.cpu.aarch64_gcs
This tunable controls Guarded Control Stack (GCS) for the process.

Accepted values are:

0 = disabled: do not enable GCS.

1 = enforced: check markings and fail if any binary is not marked.

2 = optional: check markings but keep GCS off if any binary is unmarked.

3 = override: enable GCS, markings are ignored.

If unmarked binary is loaded via @code{dlopen} when GCS is enabled and
markings are not ignored (@code{aarch64_gcs == 1} or @code{2}), then
the process will be aborted.

Default is @code{0}, so GCS is disabled by default.

This tunable is specific to AArch64. On systems that do not support
Guarded Control Stack this tunable has no effect.

Before enabling GCS for the process the value of this tunable is checked
and depending on it the following outcomes are possible.

@code{aarch64_gcs == 0}: GCS will not be enabled and GCS markings will not be
checked for any binaries.

@code{aarch64_gcs == 1}: GCS markings will be checked for all binaries loaded
at startup and, only if all binaries are GCS-marked, GCS will be enabled. If
any of the binaries are not GCS-marked, the process will abort. Subsequent call
to @code{dlopen} for an unmarked binary will also result in abort.

@code{aarch64_gcs == 2}: GCS markings will be checked for all binaries loaded
at startup and, if any of such binaries are not GCS-marked, GCS will not be
enabled and there will be no more checks for GCS marking. If all binaries
loaded at startup are GCS-marked, then GCS will be enabled, in which case a
call to @code{dlopen} for an unmarked binary will also result in abort.

@code{aarch64_gcs == 3}: GCS will be enabled and GCS markings will not be
checked for any binaries.
@end deftp

@node Memory Related Tunables
@section Memory Related Tunables
@cindex memory related tunables

@deftp {Tunable namespace} glibc.mem
This tunable namespace supports operations that affect the way @theglibc{}
and the process manage memory.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.mem.tagging
If the hardware supports memory tagging, this tunable can be used to
control the way @theglibc{} uses this feature.  At present this is only
supported on AArch64 systems with the MTE extension; it is ignored for
all other systems.

This tunable takes a value between 0 and 255 and acts as a bitmask
that enables various capabilities.

Bit 0 (the least significant bit) causes the @code{malloc}
subsystem to allocate
tagged memory, with each allocation being assigned a random tag.

Bit 1 enables precise faulting mode for tag violations on systems that
support deferred tag violation reporting.  This may cause programs
to run more slowly.

Bit 2 enables either precise or deferred faulting mode for tag violations
whichever is preferred by the system.

Other bits are currently reserved.

@Theglibc{} startup code will automatically enable memory tagging
support in the kernel if this tunable has any non-zero value.

The default value is @samp{0}, which disables all memory tagging.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.mem.decorate_maps
If the kernel supports naming anonymous virtual memory areas (since
Linux version 5.17, although not always enabled by some kernel
configurations), this tunable can be used to control whether
@theglibc{} decorates the underlying memory obtained from operating
system with a string describing its usage (for instance, on the thread
stack created by @code{pthread_create} or memory allocated by
@code{malloc}).

The process mappings can be obtained by reading the @code{/proc/<pid>maps}
(with @code{pid} being either the @dfn{process ID} or @code{self} for the
process own mapping).

This tunable takes a value of 0 and 1, where 1 enables the feature.
The default value is @samp{0}, which disables the decoration.
@end deftp

@node gmon Tunables
@section gmon Tunables
@cindex gmon tunables

@deftp {Tunable namespace} glibc.gmon
This tunable namespace affects the behaviour of the gmon profiler.
gmon is a component of @theglibc{} which is normally used in
conjunction with gprof.

When GCC compiles a program with the @code{-pg} option, it instruments
the program with calls to the @code{mcount} function, to record the
program's call graph. At program startup, a memory buffer is allocated
to store this call graph; the size of the buffer is calculated using a
heuristic based on code size. If during execution, the buffer is found
to be too small, profiling will be aborted and no @file{gmon.out} file
will be produced. In that case, you will see the following message
printed to standard error:

@example
mcount: call graph buffer size limit exceeded, gmon.out will not be generated
@end example

Most of the symbols discussed in this section are defined in the header
@code{sys/gmon.h}. However, some symbols (for example @code{mcount})
are not defined in any header file, since they are only intended to be
called from code generated by the compiler.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.mem.minarcs
The heuristic for sizing the call graph buffer is known to be
insufficient for small programs; hence, the calculated value is clamped
to be at least a minimum size. The default minimum (in units of
call graph entries, @code{struct tostruct}), is given by the macro
@code{MINARCS}. If you have some program with an unusually complex
call graph, for which the heuristic fails to allocate enough space,
you can use this tunable to increase the minimum to a larger value.
@end deftp

@deftp Tunable glibc.mem.maxarcs
To prevent excessive memory consumption when profiling very large
programs, the call graph buffer is allowed to have a maximum of
@code{MAXARCS} entries. For some very large programs, the default
value of @code{MAXARCS} defined in @file{sys/gmon.h} is too small; in
that case, you can use this tunable to increase it.

Note the value of the @code{maxarcs} tunable must be greater or equal
to that of the @code{minarcs} tunable; if this constraint is violated,
a warning will printed to standard error at program startup, and
the @code{minarcs} value will be used as the maximum as well.

Setting either tunable too high may result in a call graph buffer
whose size exceeds the available memory; in that case, an out of memory
error will be printed at program startup, the profiler will be
disabled, and no @file{gmon.out} file will be generated.
@end deftp